BOOSTER SCIENCE
Our Booster contains a powerful combination of carefully selected ingredients that target multiple mechanisms of ageing. This breakthrough supplement works in synergy with NMN for optimal NAD+ production within your body.
OUR BOOSTER AND NAD+
Boosting NAD+ levels in your body is critical to healthy ageing.
There are many ways to boost and maintain NAD+ levels in your body. NAD+ precursors, like NMN, increase NAD+ levels and counter the signs of ageing. Alternatively, there are molecules available that play a crucial role in replenishing and sustaining our body’s NAD+ levels. We created the Booster, a powerful combination of carefully selected ingredients, to target the various mechanisms of ageing at the cellular level. The Booster works in synergy with NMN to support optimal NAD+ production and maintenance within your body.
Our Booster is specially formulated with olive oil for optimal bioavailability. The oil provides a fatty source that promotes better absorption and greater potency in our body. This means that our Booster can also be taken without food.
Here's an overview of the 5 leading ingredients that help increase NAD+ levels:
Resveratrol AND NAD+
Resveratrol is an antioxidant and NAD+ booster.
Red grapes, berries, and peanuts all contain resveratrol, a polyphenol produced by plants as a natural defence mechanism against environmental stress. In recent years, resveratrol has gained attention as an effective antioxidant (a substance that prevents cell damage). Research shows that resveratrol has complementary functions on cellular and systemic levels that may lead to a number of health benefits.
At the cellular level, resveratrol increases NAD+ by increasing the activity of the NAD+ synthesising enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT1). Resveratrol can also activate SIRT1, a gene that supports DNA repair and helps maintain our genome during ageing. Moreover, resveratrol works in synergy with NAD+. NAD+ acts as fuel for all seven sirtuins, while resveratrol works like an accelerator pedal for sirtuins to further optimise DNA repair.
The Science Behind Resveratrol
Resveratrol
What it is: A polyphenol produced by plants as a defence mechanism against environmental stress. Resveratrol is a well-researched compound shown to provide numerous health benefits to humans.
What it does:As a powerful antioxidant, resveratrol acts at the cellular level to boost NAD+ by increasing the activity of a key NAD+ synthesising enzyme. It also activates so-called involved in DNA protection and repair.
What is Resveratrol?
Resveratrol is a polyphenol produced by plants to act as a natural defence mechanism against environmental stressors. In humans, resveratrol has raised attention for being an effective antioxidant and for positively affecting the cells in the body, leading to a number of health benefits. Since its discovery, researchers have published more than 12,000 scientific papers about resveratrol, and over 200 human clinical trials involving this polyphenol have been conducted to date.
Where can it be found in nature?
Resveratrol can be found in Japanese knotweed and in a variety of foods, including peanuts, blueberries, and raspberries. It is also (somewhat famously) present in red wine as it gets concentrated from the skin of red grapes. It is produced in large quantities through microbial fermentation or extraction from Japanese knotweed for supplement use.
What are its primary functions and benefits?
In plants, resveratrol acts as a barrier against harsh environments. Scientific evidence suggests that it does the same for humans by working to protect the body’s cells and support healthy ageing. Published research and clinical data indicate that resveratrol supports bone health, cardiovascular health, blood glucose levels, healthy cognitive function, skin youthfulness, and oral health.
Resveratrol has also been shown to penetrate cells and help rejuvenate the mitochondria, again, helping to support healthy ageing. Mitochondria are the powerhouses that create energy inside every cell in our bodies. However, as we age, the mitochondrial function slowly impairs. This leads to the decline of many systems in our body as we get older, including cardiovascular, cognitive, skin, and bone systems. Resveratrol helps reverse or slow this process.
Part of the healthy ageing benefits of resveratrol can be explained by the activation of sirtuins, a family of enzymes that play a critical role in DNA repair. Resveratrol activates a specific sirtuin-coding gene called SIRT1 which results in gene expression and metabolic pathway activation, both of which are excellent for your energy levels and overall health.
Why do we use resveratrol in our supplements?
We have included resveratrol in our Booster for its ability to activate SIRT1. Ideally, this is taken in combination with our NMN product. NMN and resveratrol work synergistically to improve metabolic health and slow down the ageing process. NMN increases NAD+ levels and provides NAD+ to all seven sirtuins, while resveratrol provides additional SIRT1 activation to further mediate DNA repair. In addition, the activation of sirtuins by NAD+ regulates essential physiological processes, such as the circadian rhythm, glucose and fat metabolism, and normal ageing.
Another reason we’ve chosen resveratrol is that it is an apigenin bioenhancer, which is also present in our Booster. This lets the ingredients complement one another. Co-administration of apigenin and resveratrol allows more apigenin to survive liver metabolism, which results in more than twice the plasma apigenin levels (compared to using apigenin alone).
As an enzyme that breaks down our NAD+ levels, CD38 can accelerate ageing. Thankfully, apigenin can help prevent this NAD+ breakdown, so getting more apigenin into the body is invaluable in reducing the effects of CD38.
Sources
- Ramírez-Garza, S. L., Laveriano-Santos, E. P., Marhuenda-Muñoz, M., Storniolo, C. E., Tresserra-Rimbau, A., Vallverdú-Queralt, A., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (2018). Health Effects of Resveratrol: Results from Human Intervention Trials. Nutrients, 10(12), 1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121892
- Thaung Zaw, J. J., Howe, P. R., & Wong, R. H. (2021). Long-term effects of resveratrol on cognition, cerebrovascular function and cardio-metabolic markers in postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 40(3), 820–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.025
- Moraes, D. S., Moreira, D. C., Andrade, J., & Santos, S. (2020). Sirtuins, brain and cognition: A review of resveratrol effects. IBRO reports, 9, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2020.06.004
- Lee, J. A., Ha, S. K., Cho, E., & Choi, I. (2015). Resveratrol as a Bioenhancer to Improve Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Apigenin. Nutrients, 7(11), 9650–9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115485
Pterostilbene AND NAD+
Pterostilbene as a promotor of healthy ageing.
Pterostilbene is a dietary compound found naturally in some plants, fruits, and nuts, including blueberries, almonds, and grape leaves. It's also present in grapes, but, unlike its cousin Resveratrol, it doesn't survive the wine-making process.
It serves as a powerful antioxidant when ingested. Recent studies suggest numerous additional benefits, like boosting cognitive function, promoting healthy cells in the brain, reducing blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammation, and protecting the liver, heart, and eyes.
Pterostilbene also stimulates the SIRT1 gene, similarly to resveratrol, and, combined with NAD+, acts as a powerful combination against the signs of ageing.
The Science Behind Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene
What it is: An antioxidant found naturally in some plants, fruits, and nuts, very similar to resveratrol but easier to absorb, that has been studied for its numerous health benefits.
What it does: An antioxidant found naturally in some plants, fruits, and nuts, very similar to resveratrol but easier to absorb, that has been studied for its numerous health benefits.
What is Pterostilbene?
Pterostilbene is a polyphenol. "Phenol" refers to a particular chemical structure (in this case, a hydroxyl group linked to a benzene ring), while "poly" means that the molecules can have more than one structure. It is a resveratrol analogue but is approximately 4x easier for the gut to absorb, making it even more effective than resveratrol.
Where can it be found in nature?
Pterostilbene is found naturally in several plants, fruits, and nuts, including blueberries, almonds, and grape leaves. It is also found in grapes but, unlike resveratrol, doesn't survive the wine-making process.
What are its primary functions and benefits?
In plants, pterostilbene functions by combating pathogens, including microbes and parasites. When consumed by humans, it serves as a powerful antioxidant. Moreover, recent studies have shown that it has a number of additional benefits, including boosting cognitive function, preventing cell death in the brain, reducing blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammation, and protecting the liver, heart, and eyes.
Recently, scientists have discovered that pterostilbene can increase dopamine in the brain by blocking monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Increased dopamine can enhance mood and lower anxiety. It could also help to improve cognition and memory.
In one study, rodents given pterostilbene observed an increase in new cell growth in the brain's memory centre. Next to providing a brain boost, studies have also uncovered pterostilbene's very promising anti-ageing potential. Pterostilbene activates SIRT1, also known as one of the encoding sirtuins, a family of enzymes involved in cell damage protection and DNA repair.
Why do we use pterostilbene in our supplements?
We have included pterostilbene in our Booster for its ability to activate SIRT1. Taken in combination with our NMN product, it can help to improve metabolic health and slow down the ageing process. NMN increases NAD+ levels and provides NAD+ to all seven sirtuins, while pterostilbene provides additional SIRT1 activation to further mediate DNA repair. In addition, sirtuins activation by NAD+ regulates critical physiological processes such as the circadian rhythm, glucose and fat metabolism, and healthy ageing.
Sources
- McCormack, D., & McFadden, D. (2013). A review of pterostilbene antioxidant activity and disease modification. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2013, 575482. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/575482
- Grabowska, W., Sikora, E. & Bielak-Zmijewska, A. Sirtuins, a promising target in slowing down the ageing process. Biogerontology 18, 447–476 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9685-9
COQ10 (UBIQUINOL) AND NAD+
CoQ10 is vital for cell energy and longevity.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a nutrient that occurs naturally in the body. It is similar to a vitamin in its biological functions, although it is not technically classified as a vitamin. CoQ10 serves as a powerful antioxidant, meaning it both protects cells from damage and promotes cellular energy.
Considerable research on CoQ10 has revealed the nutrient’s wide range of health benefits. Researchers have shown that animals enjoy a dramatic extension of their lifespans when supplemented with CoQ10, suggesting significant longevity benefits for humans.
Unfortunately, our body’s natural concentrations decline due to ageing, fatigue, strenuous exercise, smoking, illness, and some medications. Thanks to scientific innovation, you can restore your levels of CoQ10 by taking dietary supplements, including our Booster.
CoQ10 is also an ideal companion to our NMN product since Ubiquinol works in synergy with NAD+ to support energy-production capacities and mitochondrial health at the cellular level. Your body doesn't store CoQ10, so to see continued benefits, you should aim to maintain a consistent supplement routine.
The Science Behind Ubiquinol (CoQ10)
Ubiquinol (CoQ10)
What it is: An active and more bioavailable form of the nutrient CoQ10, a powerful antioxidant naturally present in our bodies.
What it does: Works in synergy with NAD+ to support mitochondrial health and cellular energy production. Studies linked Ubiquinol to a dramatic lifespan extension in animals, suggesting significant longevity benefits for humans.
What is Ubiquinol (CoQ10)?
Ubiquinol is the active, bioavailable form of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). CoQ10 is naturally present in the body (about 95% as Ubiquinol and 5% as Ubiquinone) and acts similarly to a vitamin in its biological functions. But, by definition, ubiquinol is not a vitamin since it can be synthesised by human cells.
It is a powerful antioxidant and plays a major role in producing energy in cells. Research has revealed CoQ10’s wide range of health benefits. Unfortunately, concentrations decline as you age as well as through fatigue, strenuous exercise, smoking, illness, and even some medications. Thankfully, you can restore your CoQ10 levels with the help of dietary supplements.
Where can it be found in nature?
You can find CoQ10 in meats including, pork, beef, chicken, fatty fish, and organ meat, vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower and spinach, fruits such as oranges and strawberries, as well as in legumes, sesame seeds, pistachios and peanuts. The CoQ10 you find in supplements is manufactured via a natural yeast fermentation process and is highly-effective.
What are its primary functions and benefits?
CoQ10 has an essential role in supplying all your cells with energy. It’s involved in making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), whose production happens within the mitochondria. To put it simply, CoQ10 acts as a fuel additive that optimizes mitochondrial performance, extracting the most energy with the least damage. Your mitochondria need to burn fuel cleanly and efficiently to assure their own integrity and your own longevity. Studies have shown that animals, from primitive worms to laboratory mice, enjoy dramatic extension of their life spans when supplemented with mitochondrial-protecting CoQ10, which suggests that it has important longevity benefits for humans, too.
Additional benefits from CoQ10's mitochondrial energy-boosting effects include protection from neurodegenerative diseases and mental health disorders, heart and vascular health support, enhanced lung function, healthy blood cholesterol levels and protection from the effects of elevated glucose in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. CoQ10 also has an important role as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage caused by free radicals.
Why do we use ubiquinol in our supplements?
We’ve included ubiquinol in our Booster supplement as it is the active, more bioavailable, antioxidant form of CoQ10—it’s ready for immediate use by the body. Ubiquinol is an ideal complement to our NMN product (a potent NAD+ precursor) since ubiquinol works in synergy with NAD+ to support energy-production and mitochondrial health in every cell of your body. It’s important to note that your body doesn’t store CoQ10. Therefore, to see continued benefits, it's essential to keep up a supplement routine.
Sources
- Yamamoto, Y., & Yamashita, S. (1997). Plasma ratio of ubiquinol and ubiquinone as a marker of oxidative stress. Molecular aspects of medicine, 18 Suppl, S79–S84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0098-2997(97)00007-1
- Hernández-Camacho, Juan D et al. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Aging and Disease. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018; 9(44) https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00044
- Castro-Marrero, J., Sáez-Francàs, N., Segundo, M. J., Calvo, N., Faro, M., Aliste, L., Fernández de Sevilla, T., & Alegre, J. (2016). Effect of coenzyme Q10 plus nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide supplementation on maximum heart rate after exercise testing in chronic fatigue syndrome - A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 35(4), 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.010
- Skarlovnik, A., Janić, M., Lunder, M., Turk, M., & Šabovič, M. (2014). Coenzyme Q10 supplementation decreases statin-related mild-to-moderate muscle symptoms: a randomized clinical study. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 20, 2183–2188. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.890777
Apigenin AND NAD+
Apigenin inhibits the ageing-related decline of NAD+.
Apigenin is a natural flavonoid compound found in vegetables (parsley, celery), fruits (oranges), and herbs such as chamomile, thyme, oregano, and basil, that protects plants against environmental stress. Apigenin has also shown promising health benefits for humans, especially when it comes to healthy ageing.
Scientists have shown that apigenin inhibits CD38, one of the main NAD+ degrading enzymes in human tissues. Most notably, CD38 degrades NAD+ in the liver, brain, heart, and kidney.
During ageing, CD38 levels increase in several tissues, which leads to age-related NAD+ decline. Moreover, the rise in CD38 levels during ageing correlates with the development of mitochondrial dysfunction. Apigenin inhibits CD38 and increases intracellular NAD+ levels, improving the overall healthy functioning of yourthe body at the cellular level.
Apigenin complements our NMN product perfectly since NMN acts as a building block of NAD+, while apigenin helps maintain your NAD+ storage. When the two are taken together, they become a powerful healthy ageing duo, replenishing and maintaining your NAD+ levels.
The Science Behind Apigenin
Apigenin
What it is: An antioxidant found naturally in some plants, fruits, and nuts, very similar to resveratrol but easier to absorb, that has been studied for its numerous health benefits.
What it does: An antioxidant found naturally in some plants, fruits, and nuts, very similar to resveratrol but easier to absorb, that has been studied for its numerous health benefits.
What is Apigenin?
Apigenin is a common and widely distributed flavonoid found in a variety of plants. Flavonoids are a class of naturally occurring phytochemicals that are found in plant tissues. Plants use flavonoids to protect themselves from environmental stress, including stress from pathogens and radiation from the sun.
Where can it be found in nature?
Apigenin can be found in chamomile, yarrow, thyme, cherries, tea, olives, broccoli and parsley (especially dried parsley). However, it’s much easier to get a worthwhile amount when taking it in supplement form.
What are its primary functions and benefits?
Apigenin supports healthy ageing. It isn’t just good at protecting plants from external aggressions; it can protect humans as well. Apigenin is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing substance. It has exciting potential in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. And, a number of scientific studies have shown apigenin inhibits CD38, one of the main NAD+ degrading enzymes in human tissues.
During ageing, CD38 levels increase in several tissues (including the liver, brain, heart, and kidney), which leads to age-related NAD+ decline. Moreover, increased levels of CD38 during ageing correlate with the development of mitochondrial dysfunction, mediated by reduction of Sirtuin3 and NAD+ activity. Apigenin inhibits CD38 and increases intracellular NAD+ levels, improving the overall healthy functioning of the cellular body.
Why do we use apigenin in our supplements?
We include apigenin in our Booster supplement as it prevents NAD+ decline in the body, thanks to its CD38 inhibiting properties. It's a perfect complement to our NMN product since NMN acts as a direct precursor (a building block) of NAD+, while apigenin slows down and inhibits the breakdown of your NAD+ storage supply. In other words, NAD+ levels can rise when you take apigenin and NMN together. They work as a powerful, healthy ageing combination. If that's not enough, activating sirtuins by NAD+ regulates essential physiological processes, including the circadian rhythm, glucose and fat metabolism, and the healthy ageing process.
Sources
- Barbosa MT, Soares SM, Novak CM, Sinclair D, Levine JA, Aksoy P, Chini EN. The enzyme CD38 (a NAD glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.5) is necessary for the development of diet-induced obesity. FASEB J. 2007; 21:3629–39. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.07-8290com
- Escande C, Nin V, Price NL, Capellini V, Gomes AP, Barbosa MT, O'Neil L, White TA, Sinclair DA, Chini EN. Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2013; 62:1084–93. https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-1139
- Ogura Y, Kitada M, Xu J, Monno I, Koya D,. CD38 inhibition by apigenin ameliorates mitochondrial oxidative stress through restoration of the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity in renal tubular cells in diabetic rats. Aging (Albany NY). 2020; 12:11325-11336. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103410
BETAINE AND NAD+
Betaine supports homeostasis during NAD+ production.
Betaine is a derivative of the amino acid glycine, which occurs naturally in the body and has vitamin-like effects and properties. Betaine is also commonly known as trimethylglycine or TMG and is found in a number of food sources. Its name is derived from the food in which it was initially discovered – beets.
Betaine is rich in methyl groups and serves as a "methyl donor", distributing methyl groups around the body. A methyl group is a special kind of hydrogen and carbon molecule that induces a process called methylation. Methylation is a critical component of many of our essential biological processes, including protein function, RNA processing, and gene regulation.
We included betaine in our Booster to support your body’s natural NAD+ production and to complement the activity of our NMN supplement. NAD+ is consumed and broken down into nicotinamide (NAM) and converted into methylnicotinamide (MeNAM), a molecule known for its anti-inflammatory effects, in the energy production cycle. Therefore, supplementation of NMN (or other NAD+ precursors) produces a high amount of methylnicotinamide.
The methyl group for this reaction comes from a methyl donor molecule in our body, resulting in stress on ourthe body's internal methyl pool. Since betaine is an excellent methyl donor with its three methyl groups, it is an ideal candidate for supplementation while taking NAD+ precursors to enhance ourthe body's internal methylation pool.
The Science Behind Betaine
Betaine
What it is: A derivative of the amino acid glycine, naturally made by our bodies, with vitamin-like effects and properties. Betaine is commonly known as trimethylglycine or MG.
What it does: A derivative of the amino acid glycine, naturally made by our bodies, with vitamin-like effects and properties. Betaine is commonly known as trimethylglycine or TMG.
What is Betaine?
Betaine, also called Trimethylglycine (TMG), is a substance created in the body. It's a derivative of the amino acid glycine and has vitamin-like effects and properties. Betaine is involved in liver function and cellular reproduction. It also supports the production of carnitine and helps your body metabolise the amino acid homocysteine.
Where can it be found in nature?
You can find betaine in a variety of food sources, including sugar beets, wheat bran, rye, bulgur, spinach, quinoa, brown rice, sweet potato, turkey breast, beef, veal, and some seafood. Its name is derived from the word beets, as this is where it was initially discovered.
What are its primary functions and benefits?
Betaine has two primary functions in the human body. First, betaine acts as a "methyl donor," distributing methyl groups around your body. A methyl group is a special kind of hydrogen and carbon molecule that induces a process called methylation. Methylation is a critical component of various physiological processes, including protein function, RNA processing, and the regulation of genes.
Second, betaine is an osmolyte. As an osmolyte, betaine regulates osmosis by creating a fluid level balance inside and outside your body's cells. Imbalanced fluid levels can result in cellular rupture or cellular shrinkage. A major imbalance can cause the cell to die, so betaine's positive effects on the body's fluid levels is crucial in helping keep cells healthy and living.
On the whole, betaine has a number of health benefits. Evidence shows that betaine is a critical nutrient for protecting and enhancing the function of internal organs and improving vascular health. It may also support digestive function, heart health, liver function and detoxification, fat loss, and muscle mass improvement.
Why do we use betaine in our supplements?
We included betaine in our Booster to support the body's natural NAD+ production and to complement the NMN supplement. NAD+ is consumed and broken down into nicotinamide (NAM) and converted into methyl nicotinamide (MeNAM) in the energy production cycle. Supplementation of NMN (or other NAD+ precursors) produces a high amount of methyl nicotinamide. Betaine is an excellent methyl donor and is ideal for supplementation while taking NAD+ precursors to enhance the body's internal methylation pool.
Sources
- Zhao G, He F, Wu C, et al. Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1070. Published 2018 May 24. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070
- Sun W, Zhai M, Li D, et al. Comparison of the effects of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide degradation on plasma betaine and choline levels. Clin Nutr 2017;36:1136-1142.
BOOSTER
Maintain energy, preserve vitality, and embrace longevity.
Our Booster contains the ideal combination of high-quality ingredients to support your longevity routine. Use it on its own or in combination with NMN for optimal results.
References
- Grant, R. Resveratrol Increases Intracellular NAD+ Levels Through Up Regulation of the NAD+ Synthetic Enzyme Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase. Nat Prec (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/npre.2010.4421.1
- Moraes, D. S., Moreira, D. C., Andrade, J., & Santos, S. (2020). Sirtuins, brain and cognition: A review of resveratrol effects. IBRO reports, 9, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2020.06.004
- McCormack, D., & McFadden, D. (2013). A review of pterostilbene antioxidant activity and disease modification. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2013, 575482. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/575482
- Hernández-Camacho, Juan D et al. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Aging and Disease. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018; 9(44)https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00044
- Castro-Marrero, J., Sáez-Francàs, N., Segundo, M. J., Calvo, N., Faro, M., Aliste, L., Fernández de Sevilla, T., & Alegre, J. (2016). Effect of coenzyme Q10 plus nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide supplementation on maximum heart rate after exercise testing in chronic fatigue syndrome - A randomised, controlled, double-blind trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 35(4), 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.010
- Escande C, Nin V, Price NL, Capellini V, Gomes AP, Barbosa MT, O'Neil L, White TA, Sinclair DA, Chini EN. Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2013; 62:1084–93. https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-1139
- Ogura Y, Kitada M, Xu J, Monno I, Koya D,. CD38 inhibition by apigenin ameliorates mitochondrial oxidative stress through restoration of the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity in renal tubular cells in diabetic rats. Aging (Albany NY). 2020; 12:11325-11336. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103410
- Zhao, G., He, F., Wu, C., Li, P., Li, N., Deng, J., Zhu, G., Ren, W., & Peng, Y. (2018). Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 1070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070
- Sun, W. P., Zhai, M. Z., Li, D., Zhou, Y., Chen, N. N., Guo, M., & Zhou, S. S. (2017). Comparison of the effects of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide degradation on plasma betaine and choline levels. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 36(4), 1136–1142.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.016